diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/activity_pub/utils.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/activity_pub/utils.ex
index dfae602df..11c64cffd 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/activity_pub/utils.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/activity_pub/utils.ex
@@ -719,15 +719,18 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.ActivityPub.Utils do
 
     case Activity.get_by_ap_id_with_object(id) do
       %Activity{} = activity ->
+        activity_actor = User.get_by_ap_id(activity.object.data["actor"])
+
         %{
           "type" => "Note",
           "id" => activity.data["id"],
           "content" => activity.object.data["content"],
           "published" => activity.object.data["published"],
           "actor" =>
-            AccountView.render("show.json", %{
-              user: User.get_by_ap_id(activity.object.data["actor"])
-            })
+            AccountView.render(
+              "show.json",
+              %{user: activity_actor, force: true}
+            )
         }
 
       _ ->
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/controllers/admin_api_controller.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/controllers/admin_api_controller.ex
index e5f14269a..225ceb1fd 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/controllers/admin_api_controller.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/controllers/admin_api_controller.ex
@@ -345,7 +345,11 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.AdminAPIController do
     with {:ok, users, count} <- Search.user(Map.merge(search_params, filters)) do
       json(
         conn,
-        AccountView.render("index.json", users: users, count: count, page_size: page_size)
+        AccountView.render("index.json",
+          users: users,
+          count: count,
+          page_size: page_size
+        )
       )
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/views/account_view.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/views/account_view.ex
index e1e929632..4ae030b84 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/views/account_view.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/admin_api/views/account_view.ex
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.AccountView do
   end
 
   def merge_account_views(%User{} = user) do
-    MastodonAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    MastodonAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
     |> Map.merge(AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}))
   end
 
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/chat_channel.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/chat_channel.ex
index bce27897f..08d0e80f9 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/chat_channel.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/chat_channel.ex
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 
 defmodule Pleroma.Web.ChatChannel do
   use Phoenix.Channel
+
   alias Pleroma.User
   alias Pleroma.Web.ChatChannel.ChatChannelState
+  alias Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountView
 
   def join("chat:public", _message, socket) do
     send(self(), :after_join)
@@ -22,9 +24,9 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.ChatChannel do
 
     if String.length(text) in 1..Pleroma.Config.get([:instance, :chat_limit]) do
       author = User.get_cached_by_nickname(user_name)
-      author = Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", user: author)
+      author_json = AccountView.render("show.json", user: author, force: true)
 
-      message = ChatChannelState.add_message(%{text: text, author: author})
+      message = ChatChannelState.add_message(%{text: text, author: author_json})
 
       broadcast!(socket, "new_msg", message)
     end
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/controllers/search_controller.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/controllers/search_controller.ex
index 29affa7d5..5a983db39 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/controllers/search_controller.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/controllers/search_controller.ex
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.SearchController do
     AccountView.render("index.json",
       users: accounts,
       for: options[:for_user],
-      as: :user,
       embed_relationships: options[:embed_relationships]
     )
   end
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view.ex
index bc9745044..b929d5a03 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view.ex
@@ -27,21 +27,38 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountView do
           UserRelationship.view_relationships_option(reading_user, users)
       end
 
-    opts = Map.put(opts, :relationships, relationships_opt)
+    opts =
+      opts
+      |> Map.merge(%{relationships: relationships_opt, as: :user})
+      |> Map.delete(:users)
 
     users
     |> render_many(AccountView, "show.json", opts)
     |> Enum.filter(&Enum.any?/1)
   end
 
-  def render("show.json", %{user: user} = opts) do
-    if User.visible_for(user, opts[:for]) == :visible do
+  @doc """
+  Renders specified user account.
+    :force option skips visibility check and renders any user (local or remote)
+      regardless of [:pleroma, :restrict_unauthenticated] setting.
+    :for option specifies the requester and can be a User record or nil.
+  """
+  def render("show.json", %{user: _user, force: true} = opts) do
+    do_render("show.json", opts)
+  end
+
+  def render("show.json", %{user: user, for: for_user_or_nil} = opts) do
+    if User.visible_for(user, for_user_or_nil) == :visible do
       do_render("show.json", opts)
     else
       %{}
     end
   end
 
+  def render("show.json", _) do
+    raise "In order to prevent account accessibility issues, :force or :for option is required."
+  end
+
   def render("mention.json", %{user: user}) do
     %{
       id: to_string(user.id),
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/conversation_view.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/conversation_view.ex
index 06f0c1728..a91994915 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/conversation_view.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/mastodon_api/views/conversation_view.ex
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.ConversationView do
 
     %{
       id: participation.id |> to_string(),
-      accounts: render(AccountView, "index.json", users: users, as: :user),
+      accounts: render(AccountView, "index.json", users: users, for: user),
       unread: !participation.read,
       last_status:
         render(StatusView, "show.json",
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller.ex
index c8ef3d915..e8a1746d4 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller.ex
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatController do
          cm_ref <- MessageReference.for_chat_and_object(chat, message) do
       conn
       |> put_view(MessageReferenceView)
-      |> render("show.json", for: user, chat_message_reference: cm_ref)
+      |> render("show.json", chat_message_reference: cm_ref)
     end
   end
 
-  def mark_message_as_read(%{assigns: %{user: %{id: user_id} = user}} = conn, %{
+  def mark_message_as_read(%{assigns: %{user: %{id: user_id}}} = conn, %{
         id: chat_id,
         message_id: message_id
       }) do
@@ -104,12 +104,15 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatController do
          {:ok, cm_ref} <- MessageReference.mark_as_read(cm_ref) do
       conn
       |> put_view(MessageReferenceView)
-      |> render("show.json", for: user, chat_message_reference: cm_ref)
+      |> render("show.json", chat_message_reference: cm_ref)
     end
   end
 
   def mark_as_read(
-        %{body_params: %{last_read_id: last_read_id}, assigns: %{user: %{id: user_id}}} = conn,
+        %{
+          body_params: %{last_read_id: last_read_id},
+          assigns: %{user: %{id: user_id}}
+        } = conn,
         %{id: id}
       ) do
     with %Chat{} = chat <- Repo.get_by(Chat, id: id, user_id: user_id),
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatController do
     end
   end
 
-  def messages(%{assigns: %{user: %{id: user_id} = user}} = conn, %{id: id} = params) do
+  def messages(%{assigns: %{user: %{id: user_id}}} = conn, %{id: id} = params) do
     with %Chat{} = chat <- Repo.get_by(Chat, id: id, user_id: user_id) do
       cm_refs =
         chat
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatController do
 
       conn
       |> put_view(MessageReferenceView)
-      |> render("index.json", for: user, chat_message_references: cm_refs)
+      |> render("index.json", chat_message_references: cm_refs)
     else
       _ ->
         conn
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view.ex
index 1c996da11..2ae7c8122 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view.ex
@@ -15,10 +15,11 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatView do
   def render("show.json", %{chat: %Chat{} = chat} = opts) do
     recipient = User.get_cached_by_ap_id(chat.recipient)
     last_message = opts[:last_message] || MessageReference.last_message_for_chat(chat)
+    account_view_opts = account_view_opts(opts, recipient)
 
     %{
       id: chat.id |> to_string(),
-      account: AccountView.render("show.json", Map.put(opts, :user, recipient)),
+      account: AccountView.render("show.json", account_view_opts),
       unread: MessageReference.unread_count_for_chat(chat),
       last_message:
         last_message &&
@@ -27,7 +28,17 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatView do
     }
   end
 
-  def render("index.json", %{chats: chats}) do
-    render_many(chats, __MODULE__, "show.json")
+  def render("index.json", %{chats: chats} = opts) do
+    render_many(chats, __MODULE__, "show.json", Map.delete(opts, :chats))
+  end
+
+  defp account_view_opts(opts, recipient) do
+    account_view_opts = Map.put(opts, :user, recipient)
+
+    if Map.has_key?(account_view_opts, :for) do
+      account_view_opts
+    else
+      Map.put(account_view_opts, :force, true)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/emoji_reaction_view.ex b/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/emoji_reaction_view.ex
index 84d2d303d..e0f98b50a 100644
--- a/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/emoji_reaction_view.ex
+++ b/lib/pleroma/web/pleroma_api/views/emoji_reaction_view.ex
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.EmojiReactionView do
     %{
       name: emoji,
       count: length(users),
-      accounts: render(AccountView, "index.json", users: users, for: user, as: :user),
+      accounts: render(AccountView, "index.json", users: users, for: user),
       me: !!(user && user.ap_id in user_ap_ids)
     }
   end
diff --git a/mix.lock b/mix.lock
index 8dd37a40f..9e4b2f09c 100644
--- a/mix.lock
+++ b/mix.lock
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@
   "certifi": {:hex, :certifi, "2.5.2", "b7cfeae9d2ed395695dd8201c57a2d019c0c43ecaf8b8bcb9320b40d6662f340", [:rebar3], [{:parse_trans, "~>3.3", [hex: :parse_trans, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "3b3b5f36493004ac3455966991eaf6e768ce9884693d9968055aeeeb1e575040"},
   "combine": {:hex, :combine, "0.10.0", "eff8224eeb56498a2af13011d142c5e7997a80c8f5b97c499f84c841032e429f", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "1b1dbc1790073076580d0d1d64e42eae2366583e7aecd455d1215b0d16f2451b"},
   "comeonin": {:hex, :comeonin, "5.3.1", "7fe612b739c78c9c1a75186ef2d322ce4d25032d119823269d0aa1e2f1e20025", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "d6222483060c17f0977fad1b7401ef0c5863c985a64352755f366aee3799c245"},
-  "concurrent_limiter": {:git, "https://git.pleroma.social/pleroma/elixir-libraries/concurrent_limiter", "8eee96c6ba39b9286ec44c51c52d9f2758951365", [ref: "8eee96c6ba39b9286ec44c51c52d9f2758951365"]},
+  "concurrent_limiter": {:git, "https://git.pleroma.social/pleroma/elixir-libraries/concurrent_limiter.git", "8eee96c6ba39b9286ec44c51c52d9f2758951365", [ref: "8eee96c6ba39b9286ec44c51c52d9f2758951365"]},
   "connection": {:hex, :connection, "1.0.4", "a1cae72211f0eef17705aaededacac3eb30e6625b04a6117c1b2db6ace7d5976", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "4a0850c9be22a43af9920a71ab17c051f5f7d45c209e40269a1938832510e4d9"},
   "cors_plug": {:hex, :cors_plug, "1.5.2", "72df63c87e4f94112f458ce9d25800900cc88608c1078f0e4faddf20933eda6e", [:mix], [{:plug, "~> 1.3 or ~> 1.4 or ~> 1.5", [hex: :plug, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "9af027d20dc12dd0c4345a6b87247e0c62965871feea0bfecf9764648b02cc69"},
   "cowboy": {:hex, :cowboy, "2.7.0", "91ed100138a764355f43316b1d23d7ff6bdb0de4ea618cb5d8677c93a7a2f115", [:rebar3], [{:cowlib, "~> 2.8.0", [hex: :cowlib, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:ranch, "~> 1.7.1", [hex: :ranch, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "04fd8c6a39edc6aaa9c26123009200fc61f92a3a94f3178c527b70b767c6e605"},
   "cowlib": {:hex, :cowlib, "2.8.0", "fd0ff1787db84ac415b8211573e9a30a3ebe71b5cbff7f720089972b2319c8a4", [:rebar3], [], "hexpm", "79f954a7021b302186a950a32869dbc185523d99d3e44ce430cd1f3289f41ed4"},
   "credo": {:hex, :credo, "1.1.5", "caec7a3cadd2e58609d7ee25b3931b129e739e070539ad1a0cd7efeeb47014f4", [:mix], [{:bunt, "~> 0.2.0", [hex: :bunt, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}, {:jason, "~> 1.0", [hex: :jason, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "d0bbd3222607ccaaac5c0340f7f525c627ae4d7aee6c8c8c108922620c5b6446"},
   "crontab": {:hex, :crontab, "1.1.8", "2ce0e74777dfcadb28a1debbea707e58b879e6aa0ffbf9c9bb540887bce43617", [:mix], [{:ecto, "~> 1.0 or ~> 2.0 or ~> 3.0", [hex: :ecto, repo: "hexpm", optional: true]}], "hexpm"},
-  "crypt": {:git, "https://github.com/msantos/crypt", "f63a705f92c26955977ee62a313012e309a4d77a", [ref: "f63a705f92c26955977ee62a313012e309a4d77a"]},
+  "crypt": {:git, "https://github.com/msantos/crypt.git", "f63a705f92c26955977ee62a313012e309a4d77a", [ref: "f63a705f92c26955977ee62a313012e309a4d77a"]},
   "custom_base": {:hex, :custom_base, "0.2.1", "4a832a42ea0552299d81652aa0b1f775d462175293e99dfbe4d7dbaab785a706", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "8df019facc5ec9603e94f7270f1ac73ddf339f56ade76a721eaa57c1493ba463"},
   "db_connection": {:hex, :db_connection, "2.2.2", "3bbca41b199e1598245b716248964926303b5d4609ff065125ce98bcd368939e", [:mix], [{:connection, "~> 1.0.2", [hex: :connection, repo: "hexpm", optional: false]}], "hexpm", "642af240d8a8affb93b4ba5a6fcd2bbcbdc327e1a524b825d383711536f8070c"},
   "decimal": {:hex, :decimal, "1.8.1", "a4ef3f5f3428bdbc0d35374029ffcf4ede8533536fa79896dd450168d9acdf3c", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "3cb154b00225ac687f6cbd4acc4b7960027c757a5152b369923ead9ddbca7aec"},
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
   "sleeplocks": {:hex, :sleeplocks, "1.1.1", "3d462a0639a6ef36cc75d6038b7393ae537ab394641beb59830a1b8271faeed3", [:rebar3], [], "hexpm", "84ee37aeff4d0d92b290fff986d6a95ac5eedf9b383fadfd1d88e9b84a1c02e1"},
   "ssl_verify_fun": {:hex, :ssl_verify_fun, "1.1.6", "cf344f5692c82d2cd7554f5ec8fd961548d4fd09e7d22f5b62482e5aeaebd4b0", [:make, :mix, :rebar3], [], "hexpm", "bdb0d2471f453c88ff3908e7686f86f9be327d065cc1ec16fa4540197ea04680"},
   "sweet_xml": {:hex, :sweet_xml, "0.6.6", "fc3e91ec5dd7c787b6195757fbcf0abc670cee1e4172687b45183032221b66b8", [:mix], [], "hexpm", "2e1ec458f892ffa81f9f8386e3f35a1af6db7a7a37748a64478f13163a1f3573"},
-  "swoosh": {:git, "https://github.com/swoosh/swoosh", "c96e0ca8a00d8f211ec1f042a4626b09f249caa5", [ref: "c96e0ca8a00d8f211ec1f042a4626b09f249caa5"]},
+  "swoosh": {:git, "https://github.com/swoosh/swoosh.git", "c96e0ca8a00d8f211ec1f042a4626b09f249caa5", [ref: "c96e0ca8a00d8f211ec1f042a4626b09f249caa5"]},
   "syslog": {:hex, :syslog, "1.1.0", "6419a232bea84f07b56dc575225007ffe34d9fdc91abe6f1b2f254fd71d8efc2", [:rebar3], [], "hexpm", "4c6a41373c7e20587be33ef841d3de6f3beba08519809329ecc4d27b15b659e1"},
   "telemetry": {:hex, :telemetry, "0.4.2", "2808c992455e08d6177322f14d3bdb6b625fbcfd233a73505870d8738a2f4599", [:rebar3], [], "hexpm", "2d1419bd9dda6a206d7b5852179511722e2b18812310d304620c7bd92a13fcef"},
   "tesla": {:git, "https://github.com/teamon/tesla.git", "af3707078b10793f6a534938e56b963aff82fe3c", [ref: "af3707078b10793f6a534938e56b963aff82fe3c"]},
diff --git a/test/web/activity_pub/activity_pub_test.exs b/test/web/activity_pub/activity_pub_test.exs
index f3951462f..34905a928 100644
--- a/test/web/activity_pub/activity_pub_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/activity_pub/activity_pub_test.exs
@@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.ActivityPub.ActivityPubTest do
         "id" => activity_ap_id,
         "content" => content,
         "published" => activity_with_object.object.data["published"],
-        "actor" => AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: target_account})
+        "actor" => AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: target_account, force: true})
       }
 
       assert %Activity{
diff --git a/test/web/activity_pub/transmogrifier_test.exs b/test/web/activity_pub/transmogrifier_test.exs
index 248b410c6..01e18eace 100644
--- a/test/web/activity_pub/transmogrifier_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/activity_pub/transmogrifier_test.exs
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.ActivityPub.TransmogrifierTest do
         "id" => activity.data["id"],
         "content" => "test post",
         "published" => object.data["published"],
-        "actor" => AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+        "actor" => AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
       }
 
       message = %{
diff --git a/test/web/activity_pub/utils_test.exs b/test/web/activity_pub/utils_test.exs
index 361dc5a41..ab984d486 100644
--- a/test/web/activity_pub/utils_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/activity_pub/utils_test.exs
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.ActivityPub.UtilsTest do
         "id" => activity_ap_id,
         "content" => content,
         "published" => activity.object.data["published"],
-        "actor" => AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: target_account})
+        "actor" => AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: target_account, force: true})
       }
 
       assert %{
diff --git a/test/web/admin_api/views/report_view_test.exs b/test/web/admin_api/views/report_view_test.exs
index f00b0afb2..e171509e5 100644
--- a/test/web/admin_api/views/report_view_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/admin_api/views/report_view_test.exs
@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@
 
 defmodule Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.ReportViewTest do
   use Pleroma.DataCase
+
   import Pleroma.Factory
+
+  alias Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI
   alias Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.Report
   alias Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.ReportView
   alias Pleroma.Web.CommonAPI
-  alias Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountView
+  alias Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI
   alias Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.StatusView
 
   test "renders a report" do
@@ -21,13 +24,13 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.ReportViewTest do
       content: nil,
       actor:
         Map.merge(
-          AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}),
-          Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+          MastodonAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true}),
+          AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
         ),
       account:
         Map.merge(
-          AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user}),
-          Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user})
+          MastodonAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user, force: true}),
+          AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user})
         ),
       statuses: [],
       notes: [],
@@ -56,13 +59,13 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.ReportViewTest do
       content: nil,
       actor:
         Map.merge(
-          AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}),
-          Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+          MastodonAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true}),
+          AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
         ),
       account:
         Map.merge(
-          AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user}),
-          Pleroma.Web.AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user})
+          MastodonAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user, force: true}),
+          AdminAPI.AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: other_user})
         ),
       statuses: [StatusView.render("show.json", %{activity: activity})],
       state: "open",
diff --git a/test/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view_test.exs b/test/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view_test.exs
index a83bf90a3..2b18c2e43 100644
--- a/test/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/mastodon_api/views/account_view_test.exs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
       }
     }
 
-    assert expected == AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    assert expected == AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
   end
 
   test "Favicon is nil when :instances_favicons is disabled" do
@@ -108,11 +108,12 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
                favicon:
                  "https://shitposter.club/plugins/Qvitter/img/gnusocial-favicons/favicon-16x16.png"
              }
-           } = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+           } = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
 
     Config.put([:instances_favicons, :enabled], false)
 
-    assert %{pleroma: %{favicon: nil}} = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    assert %{pleroma: %{favicon: nil}} =
+             AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
   end
 
   test "Represent the user account for the account owner" do
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
       }
     }
 
-    assert expected == AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    assert expected == AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
   end
 
   test "Represent a Funkwhale channel" do
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
         "https://channels.tests.funkwhale.audio/federation/actors/compositions"
       )
 
-    assert represented = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    assert represented = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
     assert represented.acct == "compositions@channels.tests.funkwhale.audio"
     assert represented.url == "https://channels.tests.funkwhale.audio/channels/compositions"
   end
@@ -223,6 +224,21 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
     assert expected == AccountView.render("mention.json", %{user: user})
   end
 
+  test "demands :for or :force option for account rendering" do
+    clear_config([:restrict_unauthenticated, :profiles, :local], false)
+
+    user = insert(:user)
+    user_id = user.id
+
+    assert %{id: ^user_id} = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, for: nil})
+    assert %{id: ^user_id} = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, for: user})
+    assert %{id: ^user_id} = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
+
+    assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/:force or :for option is required/, fn ->
+      AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    end
+  end
+
   describe "relationship" do
     defp test_relationship_rendering(user, other_user, expected_result) do
       opts = %{user: user, target: other_user, relationships: nil}
@@ -336,7 +352,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
 
     assert result.pleroma.settings_store == %{:fe => "test"}
 
-    result = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, with_pleroma_settings: true})
+    result = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, for: nil, with_pleroma_settings: true})
     assert result.pleroma[:settings_store] == nil
 
     result = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, for: user})
@@ -345,13 +361,13 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
 
   test "doesn't sanitize display names" do
     user = insert(:user, name: "<marquee> username </marquee>")
-    result = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    result = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
     assert result.display_name == "<marquee> username </marquee>"
   end
 
   test "never display nil user follow counts" do
     user = insert(:user, following_count: 0, follower_count: 0)
-    result = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    result = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
 
     assert result.following_count == 0
     assert result.followers_count == 0
@@ -375,7 +391,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
                followers_count: 0,
                following_count: 0,
                pleroma: %{hide_follows_count: true, hide_followers_count: true}
-             } = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+             } = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
     end
 
     test "shows when follows/followers are hidden" do
@@ -388,7 +404,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
                followers_count: 1,
                following_count: 1,
                pleroma: %{hide_follows: true, hide_followers: true}
-             } = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+             } = AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
     end
 
     test "shows actual follower/following count to the account owner" do
@@ -531,7 +547,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountViewTest do
         emoji: %{"joker_smile" => "https://evil.website/society.png"}
       )
 
-    AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user})
+    AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true})
     |> Enum.all?(fn
       {key, url} when key in [:avatar, :avatar_static, :header, :header_static] ->
         String.starts_with?(url, Pleroma.Web.base_url())
diff --git a/test/web/mastodon_api/views/status_view_test.exs b/test/web/mastodon_api/views/status_view_test.exs
index fa26b3129..d44e3f6e6 100644
--- a/test/web/mastodon_api/views/status_view_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/mastodon_api/views/status_view_test.exs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.StatusViewTest do
       id: to_string(note.id),
       uri: object_data["id"],
       url: Pleroma.Web.Router.Helpers.o_status_url(Pleroma.Web.Endpoint, :notice, note),
-      account: AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}),
+      account: AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user, force: true}),
       in_reply_to_id: nil,
       in_reply_to_account_id: nil,
       card: nil,
diff --git a/test/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller_test.exs b/test/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller_test.exs
index 82e16741d..d71e80d03 100644
--- a/test/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/pleroma_api/controllers/chat_controller_test.exs
@@ -332,5 +332,27 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatControllerTest do
                chat_1.id |> to_string()
              ]
     end
+
+    test "it is not affected by :restrict_unauthenticated setting (issue #1973)", %{
+      conn: conn,
+      user: user
+    } do
+      clear_config([:restrict_unauthenticated, :profiles, :local], true)
+      clear_config([:restrict_unauthenticated, :profiles, :remote], true)
+
+      user2 = insert(:user)
+      user3 = insert(:user, local: false)
+
+      {:ok, _chat_12} = Chat.get_or_create(user.id, user2.ap_id)
+      {:ok, _chat_13} = Chat.get_or_create(user.id, user3.ap_id)
+
+      result =
+        conn
+        |> get("/api/v1/pleroma/chats")
+        |> json_response_and_validate_schema(200)
+
+      account_ids = Enum.map(result, &get_in(&1, ["account", "id"]))
+      assert Enum.sort(account_ids) == Enum.sort([user2.id, user3.id])
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/test/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view_test.exs b/test/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view_test.exs
index 14eecb1bd..46d47cd4f 100644
--- a/test/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/pleroma_api/views/chat_view_test.exs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.PleromaAPI.ChatViewTest do
 
     assert represented_chat == %{
              id: "#{chat.id}",
-             account: AccountView.render("show.json", user: recipient),
+             account: AccountView.render("show.json", user: recipient, force: true),
              unread: 0,
              last_message: nil,
              updated_at: Utils.to_masto_date(chat.updated_at)
diff --git a/test/web/twitter_api/twitter_api_test.exs b/test/web/twitter_api/twitter_api_test.exs
index 368533292..5bb2d8d89 100644
--- a/test/web/twitter_api/twitter_api_test.exs
+++ b/test/web/twitter_api/twitter_api_test.exs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
   use Pleroma.DataCase
+
   alias Pleroma.Repo
   alias Pleroma.Tests.ObanHelpers
   alias Pleroma.User
   alias Pleroma.UserInviteToken
-  alias Pleroma.Web.MastodonAPI.AccountView
   alias Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPI
 
   setup_all do
@@ -27,13 +27,10 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
 
     {:ok, user} = TwitterAPI.register_user(data)
 
-    fetched_user = User.get_cached_by_nickname("lain")
-
-    assert AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}) ==
-             AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: fetched_user})
+    assert user == User.get_cached_by_nickname("lain")
   end
 
-  test "it registers a new user with empty string in bio and returns the user." do
+  test "it registers a new user with empty string in bio and returns the user" do
     data = %{
       :username => "lain",
       :email => "lain@wired.jp",
@@ -45,10 +42,7 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
 
     {:ok, user} = TwitterAPI.register_user(data)
 
-    fetched_user = User.get_cached_by_nickname("lain")
-
-    assert AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}) ==
-             AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: fetched_user})
+    assert user == User.get_cached_by_nickname("lain")
   end
 
   test "it sends confirmation email if :account_activation_required is specified in instance config" do
@@ -134,13 +128,10 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
 
       {:ok, user} = TwitterAPI.register_user(data)
 
-      fetched_user = User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+      assert user == User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+
       invite = Repo.get_by(UserInviteToken, token: invite.token)
-
       assert invite.used == true
-
-      assert AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}) ==
-               AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: fetched_user})
     end
 
     test "returns error on invalid token" do
@@ -197,10 +188,8 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
       check_fn = fn invite ->
         data = Map.put(data, :token, invite.token)
         {:ok, user} = TwitterAPI.register_user(data)
-        fetched_user = User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
 
-        assert AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}) ==
-                 AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: fetched_user})
+        assert user == User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
       end
 
       {:ok, data: data, check_fn: check_fn}
@@ -260,14 +249,11 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
       }
 
       {:ok, user} = TwitterAPI.register_user(data)
-      fetched_user = User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+      assert user == User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+
       invite = Repo.get_by(UserInviteToken, token: invite.token)
-
       assert invite.used == true
 
-      assert AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}) ==
-               AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: fetched_user})
-
       data = %{
         :username => "GrimReaper",
         :email => "death@reapers.afterlife",
@@ -302,13 +288,10 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
       }
 
       {:ok, user} = TwitterAPI.register_user(data)
-      fetched_user = User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+      assert user == User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+
       invite = Repo.get_by(UserInviteToken, token: invite.token)
-
       refute invite.used
-
-      assert AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}) ==
-               AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: fetched_user})
     end
 
     test "error after max uses" do
@@ -327,13 +310,11 @@ defmodule Pleroma.Web.TwitterAPI.TwitterAPITest do
       }
 
       {:ok, user} = TwitterAPI.register_user(data)
-      fetched_user = User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+      assert user == User.get_cached_by_nickname("vinny")
+
       invite = Repo.get_by(UserInviteToken, token: invite.token)
       assert invite.used == true
 
-      assert AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: user}) ==
-               AccountView.render("show.json", %{user: fetched_user})
-
       data = %{
         :username => "GrimReaper",
         :email => "death@reapers.afterlife",